Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

Effects of Helichrysum bracteatum flower extracts on UVB irradiation-induced inflammatory biomarker expression

Biomedical Dermatology volume 3, Article number: 9 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Helichrysum bracteatum (H. bracteatum) flower extracts in vitro.

Methods

H. bracteatum flowers were extracted with water, ethanol and 1,3-butylene glycol, and the anti-oxidative activities of the extracts were measured using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The inhibition of the expression of inflammation-related genes, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was evaluated in vitro using reverse transcription-PCR in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa cells). To investigate the inhibitory effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on UVB-induced inflammatory responses in HEKa cells, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; statistical significance was calculated using the Student’s t-test.

Results

The DPPH assay results showed that H. bracteatum flower extracts have good anti-oxidative effects and inhibited the expression of inflammation-related genes IL-6, COX-2 and TNF-α. Moreover, the production of NO and TNF-α was inhibited by H. bracteatum flower extracts.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that H. bracteatum flower extracts have efficacy against UVB-induced inflammation-related gene expression.

Background

Skin serves as a barrier between the human body and environmental stresses, such as pollution, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and other factors. These stresses trigger inflammatory and immune responses in the skin by stimulating the biosynthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins (ILs) (Kwon et al. 2001; Parrado et al. 2019; Takashima and Bergstresser 1996; Pupe et al. 2002; Nedoszytko et al. 2014; Striz et al. 2014). It has been reported that chronic inflammation leads to the development and progression of skin diseases (Benedetto et al., 2012; Masuoka et al. 2012; Lee and Chang 2012). For example, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, which are enzymes produced during inflammatory responses induced by UV damage, produce prostaglandin E2 and NO, respectively (Giuliano and Warner 2002; Schafer and Werner 2008; Hong et al. 2002; Jean et al. 2008). Meanwhile, prolonged UV exposure promotes photoageing, which is primarily mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that deplete anti-oxidant defence systems in the skin. At a histological level, photoaged skin is characterized by a loss of collagen and elastin fibres (Rhie et al. 2001).

As a result of environmental stress-mediated ROS synthesis, a wide array of signalling pathways can be aberrantly activated, leading to the abnormal expression of inflammatory genes (Varga et al. 2013). Upon their activation, macrophages express an increased level of NO (Kim et al. 2001; Nathan and Hibbs Jr 1991).

Increasing levels of pollution introduce considerable amounts of hazardous chemicals into the environment, which subsequently cause skin irritation and inflammation from prolonged exposure. Therefore, corticosteroids have been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases to effectively ameliorate inflammation. However, prolonged treatment with corticosteroid preparations may lead to side effects, such as skin atrophy and cutaneous reactivity (Hughes et al. 1995). Thus, the development and use of more effective anti-inflammatory agents are desired.

In the field of herbal medicine, extensive evidence has shown that plants synthesize anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds to suppress UV radiation-mediated ROS. Helichrysum bracteatum (H. bracteatum) is an annual herb that has been naturalized at high altitudes. H. bracteatum was originally found in Australia and is now widely grown in China (Liu et al. 2007). Helichrysum spp. are rich in secondary metabolites that have medicinal value (Kelmanson et al. 2000). However, the anti-inflammatory activity of H. bracteatum flower extracts has not been widely studied. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts in vitro on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2).

Methods

Preparation of H. bracteatum flower extracts

Dried H. bracteatum flowers were ground and extracted in 20 volumes of extraction solvent at room temperature for 24 h with vigorous shaking. For extraction purposes, water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, 50% 1,3-butylene glycol and 100% 1,3-butylene glycol were used. The mixtures were then filtered using filter paper (No. 2 qualitative filter papers, Whatman, England), and the resulting filtrates were concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator (N-1110, EYELA, USA). The concentrated extracts were stored at −20 °C until further use.

Cell line

Human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa cells) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) containing 1% of penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and 10% of foetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA) at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator.

Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity was determined using the modified Mosmann’s method (Mosmann 1983). Approximately 1 × 105 HEKa cells were seeded into a 96-well plate and incubated for 24 h. After 24 h, the cells were then treated with H. bracteatum flower extracts at the following concentrations: 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL. After treatment for 24 h, the cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and 0.5 mg/mL 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was subsequently added to each well. After incubation for 4 h with MTT, 150 μL dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well and mixed thoroughly to dissolve the dark blue crystals. After 20 min, when all the crystals were dissolved at room temperature, the absorbance at 570 nm was measured using spectrophotometry.

DPPH free radical-scavenging activity assay

The free radical-scavenging activity of H. bracteatum flower extracts and the effects of the extraction solvents on this activity were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Briefly, 50 μL of the diluted H. bracteatum flower extracts were mixed with 100 μL of 0.1 mM DPPH solution. DPPH solution without the test sample was used as a control. Next, the absorbance was measured at 515 nm after the mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The anti-oxidative activity was calculated using the formula below and expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical elimination:

$$ \left[\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{blank}-{\mathrm{A}}_{sample}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{blank}}\right]\times 100\left(\%\right), $$

where Ablank is the absorbance of the blank DPPH solution and Asample is the absorbance of the DPPH solution after the addition of H. bracteatum flower extracts.

TNF-α concentration

Approximately 1 × 105 HEKa cells were seeded into a 96-well plate and cultured for 18 h. Next, the cells were treated with 100 μg/mL H. bracteatum flower extracts. After 24 h of culture, the cells were irradiated with 200 mJ/cm2 UVB for 10 min, and the supernatant was harvested to determine the TNF-α concentration. The human TNF-α ELISA kit (Abcam, England) was used, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Epoch2C, BioTek, USA).

NO concentration

A NO detection kit (Intron biotechnology, Korea) was used to determine the NO concentration. Approximately 1 × 105 HEKa cells were seeded into a 96-well plate and cultured for 18 h. Next, the cells were treated with different concentrations of the H. bracteatum flower extracts. After 24 h of treatment, the cells were irradiated with 200 mJ/cm2 UVB for 10 min, and the supernatants were used to determine the NO concentrations, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance at 540 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Epoch2C, BioTek). Sodium nitrate was used to obtain a standard curve, and the obtained absorbance values were used to calculate the NO concentration in the cell cultures.

RNA isolation and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR

The total RNA of treated and untreated cells was isolated using the RNAiso reagent (Takara, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Following the validation of purified RNA using spectrophotometry, the RNA was converted into cDNA using the First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix kit (Tragen, China). The converted cDNA was used as a template for amplification using PCR primers (Bioneer, Korea). The specific forward and reverse primers for each gene are presented in Table 1. Subsequently, the PCR products were loaded on a 1% agarose gel and evaluated using the Gel Documentation system (GelDoc EZ system, BioRad, Korea).

Table 1 Primer sequences used for RT-PCR
Full size table

Statistical analysis

All experiments were conducted in triplicate; data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, USA) using the Student’s t-test.

Results

Anti-oxidative effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts

The effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on free radical scavenging were confirmed using a DPPH assay. The results showed that the anti-oxidative effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the five different solvents examined, a 50% ethanolic extract of H. bracteatum flowers exhibited the highest free radical-scavenging effects (84%), which was higher than that of quercetin (the positive control) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE)

DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE) prepared using five different solvents (water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, 50% 1,3-butylene glycol and 100% 1,3-butylene glycol) was examined. Quercetin was used as a positive control. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Full size image

Cell viability after treatment with H. bracteatum flower extracts

The viability of HEKa cells was measured after treatment for 24 h with H. bracteatum flower extracts at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL. The results showed that cell viability decreased when higher concentrations of the extract were added: 91.14% with 10 μg/mL extract, 88.61% with 20 μg/mL extract, 83.12% with 50 μg/mL extract and 82.28% with 100 μg/mL extract. At 500 μg/mL, the H. bracteatum flower extract reduced cell viability to 77.64%; hence, it was considered cytotoxic. Therefore, 100 μg/mL was the maximum concentration that was used for subsequent experiments (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Cell viability of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE)-treated HEKa cells

Cells were treated with H. bracteatum flower extracts at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Full size image

Inhibition of TNF-α production

The effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on the inhibition of TNF-α production were assessed using an ELISA kit. The results showed that the expression of the TNF-α gene in HEKa cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. TNF-α production levels were measured as 302.35 pg/mL with 5 μg/mL extracts, 274.65 pg/mL with 10 μg/mL extracts, 266.52 pg/mL with 20 μg/mL extracts, 266.52 pg/mL with 50 μg/mL extracts and 188.60 pg/mL with 100 μg/mL extracts, whereas 10 μM hydrocortisone resulted in the production of 122.77 pg/mL TNF-α (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE) on TNF-α production in UVB-irradiated HEKa cells

Cells were treated with H. bracteatum flower extracts at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μg/mL. Positive control (PC): 10 μM hydrocortisone. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (compared to control: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001).

Full size image

Inhibition of NO production

To determine the effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on NO production in HEKa cells, cells were treated with H. bracteatum flower extracts at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The results showed that the production of NO in HEKa cells was inhibited by H. bracteatum flower extracts in a dose-dependent manner. The amounts of NO were measured as 30.97 μM with 5 μg/mL extracts, 30.56 μM with 10 μg/mL extracts, 30.28 μM with 20 μg/mL extracts, 28.19 μM with 50 μg/mL extracts and 24.72 μM with 100 μg/mL extracts, whereas 10 μM hydrocortisone treatment resulted in the production of 19.72 μM NO (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE) on UVB-irradiated nitric oxide (NO) production in HEKa cells

Cells were treated with H. bracteatum flower extracts at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μg/mL. Positive control (PC): 10 μM hydrocortisone. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (compared to control: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001).

Full size image

Gene expression levels of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2)

The effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on the inhibition of IL-6 gene expression were studied using RT-PCR. The results showed that the expression of the IL-6 gene in HEKa cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. IL-6 expression levels were measured as 82.73% with 5 μg/mL extracts, 73.56% with 10 μg/mL extracts, 51.42% with 20 μg/mL extracts, 50.45% with 50 μg/mL extracts and 41.27% with 100 μg/mL extracts, whereas 10 μM hydrocortisone resulted in an IL-6 expression level of 29.34% (Fig. 5a).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts (HBFE) on inflammatory gene expression. a IL-6 mRNA expression. b TNF-α mRNA expression. c COX-2 mRNA expression. Positive control (PC): 10 μM hydrocortisone. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (compared to control: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001)

Full size image

Similarly, H. bracteatum flower extracts inhibited the expression of the TNF-α gene in HEKa cells in a dose-dependent manner. TNF-α expression levels were measured as 72.21% with 5 μg/mL extracts, 69.83% with 10 μg/mL extracts, 49.93% with 20 μg/mL extracts, 48.32% with 50 μg/mL extracts and 40.55% with 100 μg/mL extracts, whereas 10 μM hydrocortisone resulted in a TNF-α expression level of 27.05% (Fig. 5b).

H. bracteatum flower extracts also inhibited the expression of the COX-2 gene in HEKa cells in a dose-dependent manner. COX-2 expression levels were measured as 79.78% with 5 μg/mL extracts, 72.96% with 10 μg/mL extracts, 64.72% with 20 μg/mL extracts, 53.54% with 50 μg/mL extracts and 50.81% with 100 μg/mL extracts, whereas 10 μM hydrocortisone resulted in a COX-2 expression level of 36.83% (Fig. 5c).

Discussion

H. bracteatum flower extracts prepared using five different solvents had anti-oxidative effects greater than 50% as determined by the DPPH assay. Specifically, the 50% ethanolic extract showed the highest anti-oxidative effect of all the tested solvents. Liu et al. reported that H. bracteatum extracts contain several well-known anti-oxidants, including quercetin, chrysoeriol and isoorientin (Liu et al. 2007; Yuan et al. 2016; Mishra et al. 2003; Zheng et al. 2017). In this study, the anti-oxidative effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts prepared with 50% ethanol were higher than those of quercetin.

Exposure of the skin to environmental or physiological stresses can upregulate TNF-α, ILs and other cytokines that cause inflammation. These inflammatory factors retard the growth of skin cells while aggravating skin inflammation and ageing. TNF-α is a prime inducer and driver of inflammatory skin diseases (Han et al. 2001). In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts were studied on human skin cells in vitro. As shown in Fig. 3, HEKa cells treated with 100 μg/mL H. bracteatum flower extracts produced 188.6 pg/mL TNF-α, which is approximately 45% of levels generated after UVB irradiation. Effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts on NO production were also similar. UV irradiation caused the production of 31.11 μM NO, whereas 100 μg/mL H. bracteatum flower extracts caused the production of 24.72 μM NO, which was approximately 20% lower than that of the control. For quercetin, a 37% reduction of NO production was observed compared to the control (Fig. 4).

HEKa cells irradiated with 200 mJ/cm2 UVB exhibited increases in the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2. However, H. bracteatum flower extracts reduced these expression levels in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5).

Liu et al. (2007) reported that prunin (a hypocholesterolaemic agent), quercetin (an inhibitor of tumours and lipid peroxidation), luteolin (an antimicrobial agent), isoorientin (an anti-oxidative, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent) and 4-hydroxymethyl-1-methoxycabonylazulene (an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent) were found in ethanolic extracts of H. bracteatum flowers. Hence, it is possible that the anti-inflammatory effects of H. bracteatum are contributed by isoorientin, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-methoxycabonylazμLene and quercetin. Thus, chemical analyses and an evaluation of the active compounds in H. bracteatum flower extracts are required.

Overall, our results provide the potential role of H. bracteatum flower extracts in the inhibition of UVB-induced inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes. Using various biochemical assays including qRT-PCR and ELISA assays, we show that H. bracteatum flower extracts have beneficial functions on keratinocytes. The extracts have the ROS-scavenging effect and also can promote the UV irradiation-induced cellular inflammatory responses, including production of cytokines (TNF-a and IL-6), NO and expression of COX-2 gene in human keratinocytes. Since UV irradiation induces acute inflammation in the skin by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes (Lee et al. 2017), our data suggest that H. bracteatum flower extracts can potentially be used as the novel dermatological and cosmetic ingredient for reduction of skin inflammation.

Conclusions

The current findings suggest that a 50% ethanolic extract of H. bracteatum flowers elicits the strongest DPPH free radical-scavenging activity among the other solvents used for extraction; this extract also ameliorates skin inflammation at the mRNA level, as evidenced by the downregulated expression of IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 in HEKa cells. In addition, the inhibition of TNF-α and NO production further confirms the anti-inflammatory effects of H. bracteatum flower extracts. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that H. bracteatum flower extracts have efficacy against the expression of inflammation-related genes.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay

HEKa:

Human epidermal keratinocyte

IL:

Interleukin

MTT:

Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide

NO:

Nitric oxide

PGE:

Prostaglandin

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

UV:

Ultraviolet

References

  • Cerella C, Coppola S, Maresca V, De Nicola M, Radogna F, Ghibelli L. Multiple mechanisms for hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1171:559–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Benedetto A, Kubo A, Beck LA. Skin barrier disruption: a requirement for allergen sensitization. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:949–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Giuliano F, Warner TD. Origins of prostaglandin E2: involvements of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in human and rat systems. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;303:1001–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han YP, Tuan TL, Wu H, Hughes M, Garner WL. TNF-alpha stimulates activation of pro-MMP2 in human skin through NF-(kappa)B mediated induction of MT1-MMP. J Cell Sci. 2001;114:131–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hong CH, Hur SK, Oh OJ, Kim SS, Nam KA, Lee SK. Evaluation of natural products on inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured mouse macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83:153–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes TK, Fulep E, Juelich T, Smith EM, Stanton GJ. Modulation of immune responses by anabolic androgenic steroids. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1995;17:857–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jean YH, Chen WF, Duh CY, Huang SY, Hsu CH, Lin CS, Sung CS, Chen IM, Wen ZH. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 participate in anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the natural marine compound lemnalol from Formosan soft coral Lemnalia cervicorni. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;578:323–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelmanson JE, Jäger AK, van Staden J. Zulu medicinal plants with antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69:241–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EJ, Jin HK, Kim YK, Lee HY, Lee SY, Lee KR, Zee OP, Han JW, Lee HW. Suppression by a sesquiterpene lactone from Carpesium divaricatum of inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB activation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;61:903–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon DJ, Bae YS, Ju SM, Goh AR, Choi SY, Park J. Casuarinin suppresses TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression via blockade of NF-κB activation in HaCaT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;409:780–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang JY, Ma K, Guo JX, Sun H. Oxidative stress induces B lymphocyte DNA damage and apoptosis by upregulating p66shc. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22:1051–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HJ, Chang YC. Suppression of TNF-α-induced inflammation by extract from different parts of Moringa in HaCaT cells. J Life Science. 2012;22:1254–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SJ, Lee KB, Son YH, Shin J, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hong AY, Bae HW, Kwon MA, Lee WJ, Kim JH, Lee DH, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates UV-induced skin inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cytokine production. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e3148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu HY, He HP, Yang XW, Chen MW, Hao XJ. Chemical constituents of the flowers of Helichrysum bracteatum. Nat Prod Res Dev. 2007;19:423–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas-Szabowski N, Shimotoyodome A, Fusenig NE. Keratinocyte growth regulation in fibroblast cocultures via a double paracrine mechanism. J Cell Sci. 1999;112:1843–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuoka M, Shiraishi H, Ohta S, Suzuki S, Arima K, Aoki S, Toda S, Inagaki N, Kurihara Y, Hayashida S, Takeuchi S, Koike K, Ono J, Noshiro H, Furue M, Conway SJ, Narisawa Y, Izuhara K. Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:2590–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra B, Priyadarsini KI, Kumar MS, Unnikrishnan MK, Mohan H. Effect of O-glycosilation on the antioxidant activity and free radical reactions of a plant flavonoid, chrysoeriol. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003;11:2677–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann T. Rapid Colorimetiric Assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65:55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan CF. Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:319–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan CF, Hibbs JB Jr. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity. Curr Opin Immunol. 1991;3:65–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nedoszytko B, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Ruckemann-Dziurdzińska K, Roszkiewicz J, Nowicki RJ. Chemokines and cytokines network in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory skin diseases: atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and skin mastocytosis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014;31:84–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Parrado C, Mercado-Saenz S, Perez-Davo A, Gilaberte Y, Gonzalez S, Juarranz A. Environmental stressors on skin aging. Mechanistic Insights. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00759.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pupe A, Moison R, De Haes P, van Henegouwen GB, Rhodes L, Degreef H, Garmyn M. Eicosapentaenoic acid, a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid differentially modulates TNF-α, IL-1a, IL-6 and PGE2 expression in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:692–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhie G, Shin MH, SEO JY, Choi WW, Cho KH, Kim KH, Park KC, Eun HC, Chung JH. Aging- and photoaging-dependent changes of enzymic and noenzyme antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1212–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer M, Werner S. Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair. Pharmacol Res. 2008;58:165–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Striz I, Brabcova E, Kolesar L, Sekerkova A. Cytokine networking of innate immunity cells: a potential target of therapy. Clin Sci (Lond). 2014;126:593–612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima A, Bergstresser PR. Impact of UVB radiation on the epidermal cytokine network. Photochem Photobiol. 1996;63:397–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varga A, Budai MM, Milesz S, Bácsi A, Tőzsér J, Benkő S. Ragweed pollen extract intensifies lipopolysaccharide-induced priming of NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. Immunology. 2013;138:392–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan L, Wang J, Wu W, Liu Q, Liu X. Effect of isoorientin on intracellular antioxidant defence mechanisms in hepatoma and liver cell lines. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;81:356–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng YZ, Deng G, Liang Q, Chen DF, Guo R, Lai RC. Antioxidant activity of quercetin and its glucosides from propolis: A theoretical study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7543–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Mannay Asia R&D Center (Anyang, Korea) and a part of the project (Grant No. 20190070), funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mannay Asia R&D Center, Anyang-si, Gyunggi-do, 14059, Republic of Korea

    Yun Jeong Kim, Ji Hyun Seok & Hyunsang Lee

  2. Shenzhen Mannay Cosmetics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China

    Waiting Cheung

  3. Department of Cosmetology, Kyung-In Women University, Incheon, 21041, Republic of Korea

    Sung-Nae Lee

  4. School of Cosmetology, Kyungbok University, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, 12051, Republic of Korea

    Hyun Hee Jang

  5. Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea

    Seunghee Bae & Hyunsang Lee

Authors
  1. Yun Jeong Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ji Hyun Seok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Waiting Cheung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sung-Nae Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hyun Hee Jang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Seunghee Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hyunsang Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

YJK, SB and HL designed the study and drafted the manuscript. YJK and JHS carried out the biochemical assays and revised the manuscript. WC and SNL performed the statistical analysis and helped to revise the manuscript. HHJ, SB and HL participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Seunghee Bae or Hyunsang Lee.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, Y.J., Seok, J.H., Cheung, W. et al. Effects of Helichrysum bracteatum flower extracts on UVB irradiation-induced inflammatory biomarker expression. biomed dermatol 3, 9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-019-0049-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-019-0049-8

Keywords

Biomedical Dermatology

ISSN: 2398-8460

Contact us