In vitro and in vivo anti-allergic effects of an extract of a traditional Chinese medicine preparation
Received: 23 February 2017
Accepted: 28 August 2017
Published: 23 October 2017
Abstract
Background
The present research was conducted to investigate the in vivo and in vitro anti-allergic activity of a traditional Chinese medicine formulation comprising Ampelopsis grossedentata, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Sophora flavescens, Angelica sinensis, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Cornus officinalis.
Methods
The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of an active extract of this formulation (AEF) was evaluated in vitro. In vivo studies were conducted to explore its effects on pruritus, the anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, and skin repair, in order to investigate the therapeutic effects of AEF in allergic skin reactions. The inhibitory effects of the main active ingredient of AEF (dihydromyricetin (DMY)) on the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus the calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated KU812 cells, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Results
An in vivo test showed that AEF produced significant inhibition of pruritus, PCA reaction, and skin barrier dysfunction. The main chemical DMY significantly decreased the PMACI-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8 in KU812 cells. The in vivo anti-allergy effects on the skin may have resulted from reduced levels of IL-6 and IL-8.
Conclusions
These findings indicated that the formulation and one of its constituents, DMY, may exert excellent anti-inflammatory effects, with applications in the treatment of skin allergic reactions including pruritus, diffuse redness, and swelling.
Keywords
Background
In recent years, increased air pollution and dietary changes have increased the prevalence of sensitive skin, associated with allergic reactions and inflammation. This problem affects human health worldwide (Farage et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2012). Pharmacological options for the treatment of allergic diseases are sometimes associated with side effects and drug resistance (Liu et al. 2014). Research into naturally occurring anti-allergy agents present in plants and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations is therefore currently underway, with the aim of identifying effective treatments with fewer side effects (Jung et al. 2012).
The stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata provide a traditional Chinese herbal tea named Rattan, which was considered to be cool and sweet and was used to clear heat and dredge meridians. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that A. grossedentata has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities (Kou and Chen 2012). The main chemical constituent of A. grossedentata, dihydromyricetin (DMY), is known to have a broad range of biological functions including hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. These reported effects have led to increased research into the bioactivity of DMY over the last decade, leading to improved understanding of its pharmacological effects and their underlying mechanisms (Kou and Chen 2012).
We previously screened out A. grossedentata, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Sophora flavescens, Angelica sinensis, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Cornus officinalis from a large number of herbs used in TCMs, including for hyaluronidase inhibition, antioxidant effects (radical scavenging test using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)), and antibacterial activities. In order to obtain a formulation with better anti-allergic properties, the ratios of the six herbs and its extraction method were further optimized by the single factor and response surface methodology (Lin and Ji 2013) directed by hyaluronidase inhibition test. An active extract obtained from the formulation (AEF) was used to do further anti-allergic evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
In the present study, the effects on pruritus, anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and skin repair of AEF were evaluated in vivo. Human leukemia KU812 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and the calcium ionophore, A23187, were exposed to DMY in order to evaluate the effects of this compound on levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. The KU812 myeloid precursor cell line, which was originally established from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, has been shown to be a suitable model for studying the activation and degranulation of human mast cells (Rasheed et al. 2009). These studies indicated that A. grossedentata and related TCM formulations have the potential to provide raw materials for the production of anti-allergy medicines and cosmetics.
Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Anti-DNP IgE, DNP-human serum albumin (HSA), Evans blue, histamine phosphate, hyaluronidase, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, fluocinonide ointment, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), A23187, and PMA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). KU812 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute cell library. Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). Cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from R&D Systems (USA). DMY was purchased from Shanghai Tauto Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and was determined to be greater than 98% pure by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Other reagents used were of analytical grade.
Sample preparation
A. grossedentata, S. divaricata, S. flavescens, A. sinensis, O. japonicus, and C. officinalis were purchased from the Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All herbs were authenticated by Professor Y. Peng, a medical botanist at the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Beijing, China. The optimized ratio of the herbs was determined to be 3:2:2:1.7:1.2:1.2, using a Design-Expert regression model directed by hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. The formulation (100 g) was extracted by thermal recycling with 70% ethanol (1:13) for 140 min at 68 °C and filtered. The AEF was concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator, lyophilized, and stored at − 20 °C until use.
The AEF was standardized based on its DMY content. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent 1260 LC series system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with online vacuum degasser, quaternary pump, autosampler, temperature-controlled column compartment, and a diode array detector. Agilent Technologies ChemStation software for LC (B.02.01) was used. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent RP C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of water to acetic acid (99.8:0.1, v/v) (A) and methanol (B). The gradient program consisted of 60% (B) for 0–30 min. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min, and the column temperature was set to 25 °C. The detection wavelength was 290 nm. DMY was detected at around 5.6 min in this system. The DMY content of the AEF was 10.25 ± 0.83 mg/g (n = 3).
Cell culture
KU812 cells were grown in IMDM culture medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37 °C in 5% CO2. KU812 cells were pre-treated with the AEF (50, 200, or 300 μg/mL) for 2 h prior to stimulation with 40 nM PMA and 1 μM A23187 for different periods of time. The AEF was diluted in nuclease-free double-filtered distilled water, whereas PMA and A23187 were dissolved in DMSO.
Animals
Hartley guinea pigs (250 ± 10 g) and Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) were obtained from the Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). These animals were housed under standard conditions with a 12/12-h light/dark cycle at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C with 55 ± 10% humidity and were given standard laboratory feed (Beijing Jinmuyang Laboratory Animals, Inc., Beijing, China) and water ad libitum. The animal certification number was SCXK (Jing) 2010-0001. Animal protocols were developed in accordance with the institution’s guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee.
Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity
Hyaluronidase inhibition was determined by measuring the amount of β-N-acetylglucosamine formed from sodium hyaluronate, using a spectrophotometer (Kakegawa 1992). Bovine hyaluronidase (500 μL of 7420 units/mL in 0.1 M acetate buffer; pH 5.6) was mixed with 100 μL calcium chloride (0.25 mM) and then incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 20 min. The indicated test sample was added in a volume of 500 μL, and the mixture was incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 20 min, after which sodium hyaluronate (500 μL of 0.5 mg/mL in 0.1 M acetate buffer; pH 5.6) was added. After a 30-min incubation in a water bath at 37 °C, 100 μL of 0.4 M sodium hydroxide was added to stop the reaction, and the mixture was placed in an ice-water bath for 5 min. Next, 500 μL acetylacetone was added, and the mixture was incubated in boiling water for 30 min to produce a chromogenic reaction. After cooling to 25 °C, 1.0 mL of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution was added to the reaction mixture for 20 min at 25 °C. The optical density of the reaction mixture was measured at 555 nm using a microplate reader (RT-6000; Leidu, Shenzhen, China). All determinations were performed in triplicate.
Measurement of pruritus
Hartley guinea pigs (250 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into four groups with eight animals/group; these groups consist of model control group (physiological saline, 100 mg/cm2), positive control group (DSCG, 100 mg/cm2), low dosage experimental group (AEF, 50 mg/cm2), middle dosage experimental group (AEF, 100 mg/cm2) and high dosage experimental group (AEF, 150 mg/cm2) applied to shaved dorsal skin sites (2 cm2) on their back right feet for 2 days. On the third day, the samples were applied to the shaved sites for 10 min, followed by 0.05 mL of increasing concentrations of histamine phosphate (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, or 0.1%), each of which was dripped onto the test site for 3 min. The scratching behavior induced by histamine phosphate was recorded, and the itch threshold was the level required to produce itching (Hu and Zhong 2013).
Induction of the PCA reaction
Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) were divided into six groups with eight rats/group: the untreated control group, the model group (distilled water, 100 mg/cm2), the positive control group (fluocinonide ointment, 50 mg/cm2), and the high AEF (100 mg/cm2), middle AEF (50 mg/cm2), and low AEF (25 mg/cm2) dose groups. Each group had the appropriate treatment applied to the skin at three dorsal skin injection sites, which were outlined with a water-insoluble red marker. One hour later, the PCA reaction was generated by sensitizing the skin with an intradermal injection of 0.5 μg anti-DNP IgE into each of the sites. After 48 h, this was followed by a tail vein injection of 100 μg DNP-HSA in phosphate-buffered saline containing 4% Evans blue. The rats were sacrificed 30 min after the administration of DNP-HSA. The skin at the injection site was removed for measurement of the pigment area. The amount of dye was determined by colorimetry after extraction using a 1:1 mixture of acetone and physiological saline (Shin et al. 2004). The absorbance of the skin extract was measured at 620 nm in a microplate reader (RT-6000; Leidu), and the amount of dye was calculated using an Evans blue calibration curve.
Evaluation of skin repair activity
Hartley guinea pigs (250 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into five groups with eight animals/group: a blank control group (physiological saline), a model control group, and groups exposed to different dosages of AEF. The hair on the back of the neck of each guinea pig was shaved the day before the experiment to expose about 2 cm2 skin. Each group (except for the blank control group) had 150 μL acetone to ether (1:1) solution dripped onto the shaved skin. Test samples (0.1 mL/cm2) were smeared onto the shaved skin; 0.1 mL/cm2 distilled water was applied to the model control group. Treatments were administered twice daily for five consecutive days. On the fifth day, the skin moisture loss of the shaved skin was tested 20 min after sample administration. Protection rates (%) were calculated for each study group.
Cytokine ELISAs
Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture medium were quantified by specific sandwich ELISAs. Briefly, KU812 cells were stimulated with PMA (40 nM) plus A23187 (1 μM) for 12 h, with or without pre-treatment with AEF (Rasheed et al. 2009). The ELISAs were performed using the culture supernatants, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems). Plates were read at 450 nm using the RT-6000 microplate reader (Leidu).
Statistical methods
The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). The statistical significance of the differences between the treated and control groups were calculated using Student’s t test. Results with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Hyaluronidase inhibition activity
Hyaluronidase inhibition activity of DMY, A. grossedentata, and AEF (mean ± SD, n = 3)
Effect on histamine phosphate-induced pruritus
The effects of samples on the pruritus response induced by histamine (x ± s, n = 8)
Groups | Dosage (mg/cm2) | Itching threshold(μg) | Inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Model control group | – | 31.67 ± 2.58 | |
DSCG | 100 | 73.21 ± 12.49** | 131.17 |
Low dosage | 50 | 62.50 ± 13.69** | 97.37 |
Middle dosage | 100 | 85.00 ± 15.49** | 168.42 |
High dosage | 150 | 90.00 ± 16.43** | 184.21 |
The PCA reaction in rats
Influence of PCA reaction
Groups | Dosage (mg/cm2) | Amount of dye (μg/mL) | Inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Blank control group | – | 3.65 ± 0.46 | – |
Model control group | 100 | 144.32 ± 7.74## | – |
Fluocinonide ointment | 50 | 130.25 ± 5.14* | 9.75 |
Low dosage | 25 | 139.97 ± 7.22 | 3.02 |
Middle dosage | 50 | 137.18 ± 4.98 | 4.95 |
High dosage | 100 | 128.61 ± 12.34* | 10.89 |
Skin-repairing activity
The skin repairing effects of samples (x ± s, n = 8)
Groups | Dose (mg/cm2) | Moisture loss | Protection rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Blank control group | – | 39.08 ± 6.51 | – |
Model control group | 100 | 19.25 ± 3.14## | – |
Low dosage | 50 | 16.04 ± 0.61** | 19.79 |
Moderate dosage | 100 | 14.22 ± 0.67** | 28.90 |
High dosage | 150 | 13.87 ± 0.47** | 30.62 |
Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8
IL-6 and IL-8 inhibition results of DMY in KU812 cells
Groups | Dose (μg/mL) | IL-6 | Inhibition (%) | IL-8 | Inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blank control group | – | 37.0 ± 0.8 | |||
Model control group | 38.5 ± 5.2 | – | 207.0 ± 40.9 | – | |
Low dosage | 50 | 32.0 ± 6.4 | 11.7 | 182.8 ± 24.1 | 16.9 |
Moderate dosage | 200 | 29.8 ± 2.5 | 28 | 149.1 ± 25.0 | 22.6 |
High dosage | 300 | 15.5 ± 1.6** | 50.6 | 102.2 ± 13.9** | 59.7 |
Mast cells and basophils are known to play a central role in inflammatory, allergic, and immune events (Galli 1993). Activation of these cells results in degranulation, accompanied by the production of chemical mediators, such as histamine, proteases, metabolites of arachidonic acid, and several inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These molecules act on the vasculature and skin, resulting in the recruitment of activated immune and inflammatory cells to the site of inflammatory lesions, thereby amplifying and sustaining the inflammatory condition (Nigrovic and Lee 2005). In various studies, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 released during KU812 cell activation were shown to act on the blood vessels and skin, amplifying the inflammatory and allergic response (Choi et al. 2012).
IL-6 is produced by T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and synovial fibroblasts. It promotes the immune response by increasing IgE production and by increasing IL-8 expression. IL-6 is also produced by mast cells and basophils, accumulates locally in the skin, and is associated with delayed hypersensitivity. In type I allergies, antigens such as foods, dust mites, medicines, pollen, and cosmetics were bound to toll receptors on basophils, leading to IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 release. These cytokines activate immediate hypersensitivity, increasing IgE generation and producing pro-inflammatory effects. IL-8 has potent chemoattractant activity for neutrophils and T cells. The IL-8 protein is normally secreted at very low levels from non-induced cells, but its production is rapidly induced by a very wide range of stimuli, encompassing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α or IL-1, IL-6, bacterial or viral products, and cellular stress (Hoffmann et al. 2002). The chemoattractant activity of IL-8 aggravated local inflammation and extended the development of skin allergy (Rasheed et al. 2009). The results of the present study therefore suggested that DMY and AEF produced protective effects on the acute phase of hypersensitivity, through inhibition of IL-6, and on delayed hypersensitivity, through inhibition of IL-8.
Conclusions
The TCM formulation comprising A. grossedentata, S. divaricata, S. flavescens, A. sinensis, O. japonicus, and C. officinalis (3:2:2:1.7:1.2:1.2) has significant potential for the treatment of sensitive skin. The AEF could relieve pruritus of scratched skin, repair diffuse skin redness, and restore the skin barrier function. The anti-allergic activity of AEF may be associated with inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8. These results provided an evidence base for the traditional use of A. grossedentata and related TCM formulations for the protection of sensitive skin.
Abbreviations
- AEF:
-
An active extract of this formulation
- CAMS:
-
Chinese Academy of Medical Science
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMY:
-
Dihydromyricetin
- DNP:
-
Dinitrophenyl
- DPPH:
-
1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
- DSCG:
-
Disodium cromoglycate
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- HSA:
-
Human serum albumin
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IMDM:
-
Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium
- IMPLAD:
-
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PCA:
-
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis
- PMA:
-
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- PMACI:
-
Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus the calcium ionophore A23187
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501402).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ contributions
HM performed the animal experiment. LL did the cell experiment. XW was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. GL carried out additional analyses and finalized this paper. CL did the extraction experiment. YD designed the experiment. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval
Animal protocols were developed in accordance with the institution’s (Beijing Technology and Business University) guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Authors’ Affiliations
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