Fig. 2

a. The development of dermal nanocarrier systems from nanoemulsions to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) (adapted from Muller et al. 2014) with permission. b. The effect of lipid nanoparticles (LN) on the skin. The LN adhere and form a film on the skin which protects against environmental hazards and increases dermal penetration (adapted from Muller et al. 2014) with permission. c. The incorporation of sunscreens into NLCs increases their UV absorption capacity, in addition, UV is scattered by NLC particles; TiO2 nanoparticles can be firmly enclosed in larger NLCs eliminating skin penetration and also increasing the UV scattering effect (adapted from Muller et al., 2014) with permission. d. Effect of radiation on the skin leading to oxidative stress through ROS. The antioxidants from NLCs can more efficiently block the oxidative stress cascade (adapted from Muller et al. 2014) with permission. e. Irritated inflamed skin with microscratches and bacterial colonization (upper), antibacterial effect of silver ions released from microsilver (middle), and restoration of skin barrier by adsorbing highly adhesive NLC film (adapted and modified from Muller et al. 2014 with permission)